Accuracy of a Computer-Aided Dynamic Navigation System in the Placement of Zygomatic Dental Implants: An In Vitro Study.

The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the accuracy of zygomatic dental implant (ZI) placement carried out using a dynamic navigation system. Materials and Methods: Forty (40) ZIs were randomly distributed into one of two study groups: (A) ZI placement via a computer-aided dynamic navigation system (n = 20) (navigation implant (NI)); and (B) ZI placement using a conventional free-hand technique (n = 20) (free-hand implant (FHI)). A cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan of the existing situation was performed preoperatively to plan the surgical approach for the computer-aided study group. Four zygomatic dental implants were placed in anatomically based polyurethane models (n = 10) manufactured by stereolithography, and a postoperative CBCT scan was performed. Subsequently, the preoperative planning and postoperative CBCT scans were added to dental implant software to analyze the coronal entry point, apical end point, and angular deviations. Results were analyzed using the Student's t-test. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences in the apical end-point deviations between FHI and NI (p = 0.0018); however, no statistically significant differences were shown in the coronal entry point (p = 0.2617) or in the angular deviations (p = 0.3132). Furthermore, ZIs placed in the posterior region showed more deviations than the anterior region at the coronal entry point, apical end point, and angular level. Conclusions: The conventional free-hand technique enabled more accurate placement of ZIs than the computer-assisted surgical technique. In addition, placement of ZIs in the anterior region was more accurate than that in the posterior region.

[Odontología en entorno COVID-19. Adaptación de las Unidades de Salud Bucodental en los centros de salud de la Comunidad de Madrid.] / Dentistry in the COVID-19 environment. Adaptation of the dental health units in Madrid's public primary health centres.

The COVID-19 respiratory manifestations go from mild symptoms similar to those of a common cold to severe pneumonia with respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock and multiorgan failure. The disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, whose transmission mechanism most relevant to dentistry is through respiratory droplets and possibly also aerosols, as well as direct contact with mucous membranes of the nose, mouth or eye via contaminated hands or objects. The professionals of the dental health units have a high risk exposure since they work at short distances (less than 1 m from the head of the patient) in the oral cavity, where a maximal expression of possible cell receptors for the virus has been reported. Also, most procedures in the dental cabinet imply aerosol generation. Cross-infection is possible during dental care, not only with diagnosed COVID-19-positive patients but also with patients who remain undetected due to asymptomatic or presymptomatic disease. For all these reasons, dental care in the primary health setting has had to change in order to adapt to the pandemic. The changes affect both the appointment scheduling and the care itself and imply the establishment of general and specific barrier protections as well as measures related to ventilation, cleaning, disinfection and sterilization, reinforced with additional infection prevention and control measures. This article summarizes the available scientific evidence about this adaptation.

En el término COVID-19 se incluyen cuadros respiratorios que varían desde el resfriado común hasta cuadros de neumonía grave con síndrome de distrés respiratorio, shock séptico y fallo multiorgánico. Esta enfermedad está causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, cuyo mecanismo de transmisión más importante en odontología es, fundamentalmente, respiratorio, mediante gotitas, probablemente aerosoles y, también, por contacto directo con mucosas (nasales, orales u oculares) a través de manos o fómites contaminados. Los profesionales de las Unidades de Salud Bucodental representan una categoría laboral con un riesgo de exposición muy alto, ya que trabajan a una distancia de trabajo reducida (menos de un metro de la cabeza del paciente) en la cavidad oral, donde se ha descrito la máxima expresión de los posibles receptores celulares de dicho virus. Además, la mayoría de los procedimientos odontológicos conllevan la generación de aerosoles. Durante la atención odontológica puede producirse infección cruzada, tanto con pacientes diagnosticados positivos por COVID-19 como con aquellos no detectados por encontrarse asintomáticos o en fase presintomática. Por estas razones, la actividad odontológica en Atención Primaria ha tenido que adaptarse a la pandemia. Dichos cambios afectan a la distribución de la agenda de citación, a la atención odontológica, e implican el establecimiento de medidas universales y específicas de protección de barrera y otras relativas a ventilación, limpieza, desinfección y esterilización, reforzadas con medidas adicionales de control de infecciones. Este artículo resume la evidencia científica disponible relativa a dicha adaptación.

Hemorrhagic complications of dental extractions in 181 patients undergoing double antiplatelet therapy.

PURPOSE: There is limited information on hemorrhagic complications during invasive dental procedures in patients treated with double antiplatelet therapy. The objective of this study is to assess the frequency of hemorrhagic complications of patients taking dual antiplatelet medication undergoing dental extractions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational, multicenter, prospective, cohort study was performed in 11 oral and dental care units of primary care. The study sample was derived from the population of patients aged 18 years or older who were undergoing double antiplatelet therapy and presented to the oral and dental care units requiring dental extraction. Double antiplatelet therapy is the combination of 100 mg per day of acetylsalicylic acid and a second antiplatelet agent. The predictor variables were type of extraction performed, number of extracted teeth, number of extracted roots, and presence of inflammation. The primary outcome variable was intraoperative hemorrhage, and the secondary outcome variables were hemorrhage at 24 hours and hemorrhage at 10 days. First, a univariate analysis that considered all studied variables was performed. All variables with P < .25 in the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate analysis. The association between hemorrhage severity and its relevant factors was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The study included 181 patients. Light hemorrhage (<30 minutes) was observed in 165 patients (91.2%). Intraoperative hemorrhage lasted more than 30 minutes in 15 patients (8.3%) and more than 60 minutes in only 1 patient, whose hemorrhage was controlled by local hemostatic measures. The presence of inflammation and 3-root extractions increased the probability of hemorrhage persisting for more than 30 minutes by factors of 10 and 7.3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In 8.3% of patients treated with dual antiplatelet therapy, dental extractions cause hemorrhagic complications lasting more than 30 minutes are resolved using local hemostatic measures. The results of this study support the safety of dental extraction without withdrawal double antiplatelet therapy.